Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read.
- Love And Anger The Parental Dilemma Pdf To Excel Online
- Love And Anger The Parental Dilemma Pdf To Excel Converter
- Love And Anger The Parental Dilemma Pdf To Excel Pdf
- Love And Anger The Parental Dilemma Pdf To Excel Converter
- Love And Anger The Parental Dilemma Pdf To Excel Free
Start by marking “Love and Anger: The Parental Dilemma” as Want to Read:
An authoritative parenting style mainly results when there is high parental responsiveness and high parental demands. [32] Authoritative parents will set clear standards for their children, monitor the limits that they set, and also allow children to develop autonomy. Microsoft Excel 2003 Book Managing Health Care Business Strategy. Love And Anger The Parental Dilemma Nancy Samalin Fallen Prince William James Edwards Black Education And The Guest For Afro. Think About Editing A Grammar Editing Guide For Esl Writers PDF Download. Love And Anger: The Parental Dilemma By Nancy Samalin, Catherine Whitney We have made sure that you find the PDF Ebooks without unnecessary research. Anger comes from love. You can not get angry unless you care about something. It is impossible to feel anger without love. Understanding this on a deep level and developing the ability to witness this within yourself will change your relationship to anger completely. Your anger is there to serve you. “Love And Anger: The Parental Dilemma” Chapter One Posted on April 2, 2011 by Carrie So we are embarking on our new chapter by chapter book today: “Love and Anger: The Parental Dilemma” by Nancy Samalin with Catherine Whitney.
Rate this book
See a Problem?
We’d love your help. Let us know what’s wrong with this preview of Love and Anger by Nancy Samalin.
Not the book you’re looking for?Preview — Love and Anger by Nancy Samalin
Nancy Samalin explores anger, the most treacherous area of parent-child relationships. Her goal is not to eliminate anger - which is normal and inevitable even in a loving parent - but to help parents express it without hurting their children. Samalin identifies the hidden triggers that generate frustration and fury in even the most well-meaning parents; provides alternati...more
Published May 1st 1992 by Penguin Books (first published June 3rd 1991)
To see what your friends thought of this book,please sign up.
To ask other readers questions aboutLove and Anger,please sign up.
Be the first to ask a question about Love and Anger
This book is not yet featured on Listopia.Add this book to your favorite list »
Rating details
|
This was a truly wonderful book. I found it to be the first I've read on the actual raw emotion we feel as parents. It goes into how we feel, what triggers it, and some strategies to more effectively manage it for the future. I like the fact that the author isn't saying the emotion will go away but that you can handle it better. That anger is actually a normal part of the parenting process and not something we should cower from. I found it to be helpful and riveting at the same time.
Oct 14, 2008ClaireLove And Anger The Parental Dilemma Pdf To Excel Online
rated it it was amazingRecommended to Claire by: an answer to prayer
Let's see, Morgan was born in 1991, someone gave me this book in 1993 when she was two and she's a fab young woman today! Looks like this one worked! It has great advice & logic & funny stories for moms of high spirited toddlers. Will put worried moms at ease that their child is actually NOT the only toddler who picked up on a curse word & used it loudly in a public place.
Jan 19, 2013Sarah rated it liked it
This book should be sub titled Parents Behaving Badly! A quick and sometimes humorous read. I definitely identified with a lot of situations described. It is sort of a summary of How to Talk... so not very innovative but I like her general tip on anger such as step away from the situation and also, her urging for parents to not be too hard on themselves. I'm glad I read it.
Aug 19, 2012Christin rated it really liked it
I sometimes struggle with getting through parenting books, but I read through this one rather quickly. I don't know if I learned anything huge, but it was full of good reminders, anecdotes I could relate to, reassurance, encouragement and tools. I recommend it.
Makes you feel better, that you aren't insane and not the only parents with outbursts. I like the real life examples, I just wish it went more in depth with the 10 suggestions on helping yourself with 'adult temper-tantrums'.
This is my second Samalin book and I find that her commentary on parenting and her suggestions really speak to me and help me feel like I am not the only parent out there that on occasion finds their children frustrating.
Dec 20, 2011Tara rated it it was ok
It did make me feel better to read the anecdotal stories. However, the 8 points for avoiding an angry outburst were not very enlightening. In fact, if I had stopped to analyze my behavior I should have been able to recognize them for myself.
I liked it. it provided good support and encouragement. Not a cure but a way to look at arguments differently.
Didn't care for the language
May 16, 2014Raygan rated it it was amazing
found it very helpful
Excellent. Realistic (right down to the profanity used by the parents). Short.
...or How to Live with a Toddler Without Losing Your Mind. Is this what got us through the dark winter of 2011? Perhaps.
Aug 14, 2009Emily rated it liked it
Very cathartic, full of anecdotes about other parents who scream at their children, but in the end the brief segment on handling it was not remotely helpful for putting a stop to my temper tantrums.
A friend who also has a new baby and five year old recommended this book to me.
I am finding it very reassuring and helpful!!!!
I am finding it very reassuring and helpful!!!!
Letto in italiano: “ Coccole e Capricci”
Dierdre Flaherty rated it it was amazing
May 20, 2014
May 20, 2014
There are no discussion topics on this book yet.Be the first to start one »
Recommend It | Stats | Recent Status Updates
See top shelves…
1follower
“If spanking worked, we’d only have to do it once.” — 0 likes
“There are no miraculous responses that will make intense feelings of fear, rage, sadness, and jealousy just disappear in a cloud of smoke.” — 0 likes
More quotes… (Redirected from Parenting style)
A parenting style is a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing. The quality of parenting can be more essential than the quantity of time spent with the child. For instance, a parent can spend an entire afternoon with his or her child, yet the parent may be engaging in a different activity and not demonstrating enough interest towards the child. Parenting styles are the representation of how parents respond to and make demands on their children. Parenting practices are specific behaviors, while parenting styles represent broader patterns of parenting practices.[1] There are various theories and opinions on the best ways to rear children, as well as differing levels of time and effort that parents are willing to invest.
Children go through different stages in life, therefore parents create their own parenting styles from a combination of factors that evolve over time as children begin to develop their own personalities. During the stage of infancy, parents try to adjust to a new lifestyle in terms of adapting and bonding with their new infant. Developmental psychologists distinguish between the relationship between the child and parent, which ideally is one of attachment, and the relationship between the parent and child, referred to as bonding. In the stage of adolescence, parents encounter new challenges, such as adolescents seeking and desiring freedom.[2]
Mother carrying an infant child
A child's temperament and parents' cultural patterns have an influence on the kind of parenting style a child may receive.[3] The degree to which a child's education is part of parenting is a further matter of debate.
Early research in parenting and child development found that parents who provide their children with proper nurture, independence and firm control, have children who appear to have higher levels of competence and are socially skilled and proficient.[1] Additional developmental skills result from positive parenting styles including: maintaining a close relationship with others, being self-reliant, and independence. During the mid 1980s, researchers began to explore how specific parenting styles influence a child's later development.[4]
- 2Theories of child rearing
- 2.1Baumrind's parenting typology
- 2.1.1The three styles
- 2.1Baumrind's parenting typology
- 3Attachment theory
Distinction with parenting practices[edit]
Father and children reading
According to a literature review by Christopher Spera (2005), Darling and Steinberg (1993) suggest that it is important to better understand the differences between parenting styles and parenting practices: 'Parenting practices are defined as specific behaviors that parents use to socialize their children', while parenting style is 'the emotional climate in which parents raise their children'.[1]
One study association that has been made is the difference between 'child's outcome and continuous measures of parental behavior'. Some of the associations that are listed include the following: support, involvement, warmth, approval, control, monitoring, and harsh punishment. Parenting practices such as parental support, monitoring and firm boundaries appear to be linked to higher school grades, less behavior problems and better mental health. These components have no age limit and can begin early in pre-school leading all the way into college.[5]
Theories of child rearing[edit]
Beginning in the 17th centuries, two philosophers independently wrote works that have been widely influential in child rearing. John Locke's 1693 book Some Thoughts Concerning Education is a well known foundation for educational pedagogy from a Puritan standpoint. Locke highlights the importance of experiences to a child's development, and recommends developing their physical habits first. In 1762, the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau published a volume on education, Emile: or, On Education.[6] He proposed that early education should be derived less from books and more from a child's interactions with the world. Of these, Rousseau is more consistent with slow parenting, and Locke is more for concerted cultivation.[7]
Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development describes how children represent and reason about the world.[8] This is a developmental stage theory that consists of a Sensorimotor stage, Preoperational stage, Concrete operational stage, and Formal operational stage. Piaget was a pioneer in the field of child development and continues to influence parents, educators and other theorists.[9]
Erik Erikson, a developmental psychologist, proposed eight life stages through which each person must develop. In order to move on to the next stage, the person must work out a 'crisis' in which a new dilemma must be solved.[clarification needed][10] In each stage, they must understand and balance two conflicting forces, and so parents might choose a series of parenting styles that helps each child as appropriate at each stage. The first five of his eight stages occur in childhood: The virtue of hope requires balancing trust with mistrust, and typically occurs from birth to one year old. Will balances autonomy with shame and doubt around the ages of two to three. Purpose balances initiative with guilt around the ages of four to six years. Competence balances industry against inferiority around ages seven to 12. Fidelity contrasts identity with role confusion, in ages 13 to 19. The remaining adult virtues are love, care and wisdom.[11]
Rudolf Dreikurs believed that pre-adolescent children's misbehavior was caused by their unfulfilled wish to be a member of a social group. He argued that they then act out a sequence of four mistaken goals: first they seek attention. If they do not get it, they aim for power, then revenge and finally feel inadequate. This theory is used in education as well as parenting, forming a valuable theory upon which to manage misbehavior.[12] Other parenting techniques should also be used to encourage learning and happiness. He emphasized the significance to establish a democratic family style that adopts a method of periodic democratic family councils and meanwhile avert the punishment.[13] He advances “logical and natural consequences”.[14] That teach children to be responsible and understand the natural consequences of proper rules of conduct and improper behavior.[15]
Frank Furedi is a sociologist with a particular interest in parenting and families. He believes that the actions of parents are less decisive than others claim. He describes the term infant determinism[16] as the determination of a person's life prospects by what happens to them during infancy, arguing that there is little or no evidence for its truth. While commercial, governmental and other interests constantly try to guide parents to do more and worry more for their children, he believes that children are capable of developing well in almost any circumstances. Furedi quotes Steve Petersen of Washington University in St. Louis: 'development really wants to happen. It takes very impoverished environments to interfere with development ... [just] don't raise your child in a closet, starve them, or hit them on the head with a frying pan'.[17] Similarly, the journalist Tim Gill has expressed concern about excessive risk aversion by parents and those responsible for children in his book No Fear.[18] This aversion limits the opportunities for children to develop sufficient adult skills, particularly in dealing with risk, but also in performing adventurous and imaginative activities.[19]
Love And Anger The Parental Dilemma Pdf To Excel Converter
In 1998, independent scholar Judith Rich Harris published The Nurture Assumption, in which she argued that scientific evidence, especially behavioral genetics, showed that all different forms of parenting do not have significant effects on children's development, short of cases of severe child abuse or child neglect.[20] She proposes two main points for the effects: genetic effects, and social effects involved by the peer groups in which children participate.[21] The purported effects of different forms of parenting are all illusions caused by heredity, the culture at large, and children's own influence on how their parents treat them.[22]
Baumrind's parenting typology[edit]
Diana Baumrind is a researcher who focused on the classification of parenting styles. Baumrind’s research is known as “Baumrind’s parenting typology”. In her research, she found what she considered to be the four basic elements that could help shape successful parenting: responsiveness vs. unresponsiveness and demanding vs. undemanding.[23] Parental responsiveness refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in a supportive and accepting manner.[24][25][better source needed] Parental Demandingness refers to the rules in which the parent has in place for their child's behavior, the expectations for their children to comply with these rules, and the level of repercussions that follow if those rules are broken.[26] Through her studies Baumrind identified three initial parenting styles: Authoritative parenting, authoritarian parenting and permissive parenting. Maccoby and Martin expanded upon Baumrind’s three original parenting styles by placing parenting styles into two distinct categories: demanding and undemanding.[27] With these distinctions, four new parenting styles were defined:
Maccoby and Martin's Four Parenting Styles Baumrind's Three Parenting Styles | ||
---|---|---|
Demanding | Undemanding | |
Responsive | Authoritative/Propagative | Indulgent (Permissive) |
Unresponsive | Authoritarian/Totalitarian | Neglectful |
Baumrind believed that parents should be neither punitive nor aloof.[28] Rather, they should develop rules for their children and be affectionate with them. These parenting styles are meant to describe normal variations in parenting, not deviant parenting, such as might be observed in abusive homes.[29] In addition, parenting stress can often cause changes in parental behavior such as inconsistency, increased negative communication, decreased monitoring and/or supervision,[citation needed] setting vague rules or limits on behavior, being more reactive and less proactive, and engaging in increasingly harsh disciplinary behaviors.
The three styles[edit]
Authoritative[edit]
The parent is demanding and responsive. When this style is systematically developed, it grows to fit the descriptions propagative parenting and concerted cultivation.
Authoritative parenting is characterized by a child-centered approach that holds high expectations of maturity. Authoritative parents can understand how their children are feeling and teach them how to regulate their feelings. Even with high expectations of maturity, authoritative parents are usually forgiving of any possible shortcomings.[30] They often help their children to find appropriate outlets to solve problems. Authoritative parents encourage children to be independent but still place limits on their actions.[28] Extensive verbal give-and-take is not refused, and parents try to be warm and nurturing toward the child.[28] Authoritative parents are not usually as controlling as authoritarian parents, allowing the child to explore more freely, thus having them make their own decisions based upon their own reasoning. Often, authoritative parents produce children who are more independent and self-reliant.[31] An authoritative parenting style mainly results when there is high parental responsiveness and high parental demands.[32]
Authoritative parents will set clear standards for their children, monitor the limits that they set, and also allow children to develop autonomy. They also expect mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior of children. Punishments for misbehavior are measured and consistent, not arbitrary or violent. Often behaviors are not punished but the natural consequences of the child's actions are explored and discussed—allowing the child to see that the behavior is inappropriate and not to be repeated, rather than not repeated to merely avoid adverse consequences.[28] Authoritative parents set limits and demand maturity, and when punishing a child, authoritative parents are more likely to explain their reason for punishment.[33] In some cases, this may lead to more understanding and complying behavior from the child.[33] A child knows why they are being punished because an authoritative parent makes the reasons known. As a result, children of authoritative parents are more likely to be successful, well liked by those around them, generous and capable of self-determination.[34]
Authoritarian[edit]
The parent is demanding but not responsive.
Authoritarian parenting is a restrictive, punishment-heavy parenting style in which parents make their children follow their directions with little to no explanation or feedback and focus on the child's and family's perception and status.[28][32]Corporal punishment, such as spanking, and shouting are forms of discipline frequently preferred by authoritarian parents. The goal of this style, at least when well-intentioned, is to teach the child to behave, survive, and thrive as an adult in a harsh and unforgiving society by preparing the child for negative responses such as anger and aggression that the child will face if his/her behavior is inappropriate. In addition, advocates of this style often believe that the shock of aggression from someone from the outside world will be less for a child accustomed to enduring both acute and chronic stress imposed by parents.[citation needed]
Authoritarian parenting has distinctive effects on children:
- Children raised using this type of parenting may have less social competence because the parent generally tells the child what to do instead of allowing the child to choose by him or herself, making the child appear to excel in the short term but limiting development in ways that are increasingly revealed as supervision and opportunities for direct parental control decline.[35]
- Children raised by authoritarian parents tend to be conformist, highly obedient, quiet, and not very happy.[36] These children often suffer from depression and self-blame.[36]
- For some children raised by authoritarian parents, these behaviors continue into adulthood.[36]
- Children who are resentful of or angry about being raised in an authoritarian environment but have managed to develop high behavioral self-confidence often rebel in adolescence and/or young adulthood.[36]
- Children who experience anger and resentment coupled with the downsides of both inhibited self-efficacy and high self-blame often retreat into escapist behaviors, including but not limited to substance abuse, and are at heightened risk for suicide.
- Specific aspects of authoritarian styles prevalent among certain cultures and ethnic groups, most notably aspects of traditional Asian child-rearing practices sometimes described as authoritarian,[28] often continued by Asian American families and sometimes emulated by intensive parents from other cultures, may be associated with more positive median child outcomes than Baumrind's model predicts,[citation needed] albeit at the risk of exacerbated downside outcomes exemplified by Asian cultural phenomena such as hikikomori and the heightened suicide rates found in South Korea, in India and by international observers of China before 2014.
- Many Non- Western parents tend to have more of an Authoritarian parenting style rather than Authoritative because adult figures are generally more highly respected in other countries. Children are expected to comply with their parents rules without question. This is a common critique of Baumrind’s Three Parenting Styles because Authoritarian parenting is generally associated with negative outcomes, however many other cultures are considered to use an Authoritarian parenting style and in most cases it does not negatively affect the child.[33]
Indulgent or Permissive[edit]
The parent is responsive but not demanding.
Indulgent parenting, also called permissive, non-directive, lenient or libertarian,[37] is characterized as having few behavioral expectations for the child. 'Indulgent parenting is a style of parenting in which parents are very involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them'.[28] Parents are nurturing and accepting, and are responsive to the child's needs and wishes. Indulgent parents do not require children to regulate themselves or behave appropriately. As adults, children of indulgent parents will pay less attention to avoiding behaviors which cause aggression in others[citation needed].
Permissive parents try to be 'friends' with their child, and do not play a parental role.[38] The expectations of the child are very low, and there is little discipline. Permissive parents also allow children to make their own decisions, giving them advice as a friend would. This type of parenting is very lax, with few punishments or rules.[38] Permissive parents also tend to give their children whatever they want and hope that they are appreciated for their accommodating style. Other permissive parents compensate for what they missed as children, and as a result give their children both the freedom and materials that they lacked in their childhood.[38] Baumrind's research on pre-school children with permissive parents found that the children were immature, lacked impulse control and were irresponsible.[39]
Children of permissive parents may tend to be more impulsive and as adolescents may engage more in misconduct such as drug use,[citation needed] 'Children never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way.'[28] But in the better cases they are emotionally secure, independent and are willing to learn and accept defeat. They mature quickly and are able to live life without the help of someone else.[citation needed]
From a 2014 study,[40]
- The teens least prone to heavy drinking had parents who scored high on both accountability and warmth.
- So-called 'indulgent' parents, those low on accountability and high on warmth, nearly tripled the risk of their teen participating in heavy drinking.
- 'Strict parents' or authoritarian parents – high on accountability and low on warmth – more than doubled their teen’s risk of heavy drinking.[40]
Effects on children[edit]
Most studies, mainly in Anglophone countries, have shown that children with authoritative parents have the best outcomes in different areas (behavior, mental and social adjustment...).[41] The case might be different, however, for Asian populations, where the authoritarian style was found as good as the authoritative one. On the other hand, some studies have found a superiority of the indulgent style in Spain,[42] Portugal[43] or Brazil,[44] but the methodology of these studies has been contested.[45] More recently a study has shown that in Spain, while using the same questionnaire used in other countries, the authoritative style continues to be the best one for children.[46] Furthermore, a systematic review has shown that the results don't depend on the culture but on the instruments used: studies measuring control as coercion find a detrimental effect of such control on adolescents, and better outcomes for children of permissive parents; however, when behavioral control is measured, such control is positive, and authoritative parents get the best results.[47]
Attachment theory[edit]
Attachment theory was created by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth.[48] This theory focuses on the attachment of parents and children (specifically through infancy), and the aspect of children staying in close distance with their caregiver who will protect them from the outside world.[48]
This theory includes the possible types of attachment:
- Secure attachment is when the child feels comfortable exploring their environment when their caregiver is not there, but uses them as a base for comfort and security if they become frightened.[49]
- Insecure attachment is when the child is hesitant to explore the environment on their own, and display reluctance in accepting comfort from their parent.[48]
Attachment theory in adolescence[edit]
Although research for attachment theory is primarily focused on infancy and early childhood, research shows that there are affects on adolescent and parent relationships based on whether they have a secure or insecure attachment to one another.[48] A parent's interaction with their child during infancy creates an internal working model of attachment, which is the development of expectations that a child has for future relationships and interactions based on the interactions they had during infancy with their caregiver.[48] If an adolescent continues to have a secure attachment with their caregiver, they are more likely to talk to their guardian about their problems and concerns, have stronger interpersonal relationships with friends and significant others, and also have a higher self esteem.[48] Parents continue a secure attachment through adolescence by means of expressing understanding, having good communication skills, and allowing their child to safely begin to do things independently.[49]
Other parenting styles[edit]
- Attachment parenting
- A parenting style framed around psychological attachment theory. Attachment in psychology is defined as “a lasting emotional bond between people”.[50] There are four main types of attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, and disorganized attachment.[51]
- Child-centered parenting
- A parenting style advocated by Blythe and David Daniel, which focuses on the real needs and the unique person-hood of each child.[52]
- Positive parenting
- A parenting style overlapping substantially with authoritative parenting and defined by consistent support and guidance through developmental stages.[53]
- Concerted cultivation is a specific form of positive parenting characterized by parents' attempts to foster their child's talents through organized extracurricular activities such as music lessons, sports/athletics, and academic enrichment.[54]
- Narcissistic parenting
- A narcissistic parent is a parent affected by narcissism or narcissistic personality disorder. Typically narcissistic parents are exclusively and possessively close to their children and may be especially envious of, and threatened by, their child's growing independence.[55] The result may be what has been termed a pattern of narcissistic attachment, with the child considered to exist solely for the parent's benefit.[56]
- Nurturant parenting
- A family model where children are expected to explore their surroundings with protection from their parents.[citation needed]
- Overparenting
- Parents who try to involve themselves in every aspect of their child's life, often attempting to solve all their problems and stifling the child's ability to act independently or solve his or her own problems[citation needed]. A helicopter parent is a colloquial early 21st-century term for a parent who pays extremely close attention to his or her children's experiences and problems, and attempts to sweep all obstacles out of their paths, particularly at educational institutions. Helicopter parents are so named because, like helicopters, they hover closely overhead, especially during the late adolescence to early adulthood years during which gradual development of independence and self-sufficiency are essential for future success.[57] Modern communication technology has promoted this style by enabling parents to keep watch over their kids through cell phones, emails, and online monitoring of academic grades.[58]
- Affectionless control
- This parental style combines a lack of warmth and caring (low parental care) with over-control (such as parental criticism, intrusiveness). This has been linked to children's anxiety[59] and to dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem in the children,[60] although it is not necessarily the cause.[59] There is evidence that parental affectionless control is associated with suicidal behavior.[61]
- Slow parenting
- Encourages parents to plan and organize less for their children, instead allowing them to enjoy their childhood and explore the world at their own pace. Electronics are limited, simplistic toys are utilized, and the child is allowed to develop their own interests and to grow into their own person with lots of family time, allowing children to make their own decisions.[62]
- Idle parenting is a specific form of slow parenting according to which children can take care of themselves most of the time, and that the parents would be happier if they spent more time taking care of themselves too.
- Toxic parenting
- Poor parenting, with a toxic relationship between the parent and child. It results in complete disruption of the child's ability to identify themselves and reduced self-esteem, neglecting the needs of the child. Abuse is sometimes seen in this parenting style.[63] Adults who have suffered from toxic parents are mostly unable to recognize toxic parenting behavior in themselves. Children with toxic parents grow up with damages and may pass these damages to their own children.[citation needed]
- Dolphin parenting
- A term used by psychiatrist Shimi Kang and happiness researcher Shawn Achor to represent a parenting style seen as similar to the nature of dolphins, being 'playful, social and intelligent'.[64][65] It has been contrasted to 'tiger' parenting.[64] According to Kang, dolphin parenting provides a balance between the strict approach of tiger parenting and the lack of rules and expectations that characterizes what she calls 'jellyfish parents'.[66] Dolphin parents avoid overscheduling activities for their children, refrain from being overprotective, and take into account the desires and goals of their children when setting expectations for behavior and academic success.[67]
- 'Ethnic Minority' parenting style
- This ethnocentric term was coined in the USA out of Authoritarian parenting, and it refers to a style characterized by exceptionally high academic achievements among children from Asian backgrounds. Ethnic Minority style differs from strict authoritarian parenting by being highly responsive towards children’s needs, while also differing from authoritative parenting by maintaining high demands, and not placing children’s needs as a priority. This style promotes high demandingness and high responsiveness together to produce high academic performance in children.[68]
- Alloparenting Parenting Style
- Alloparenting is the practice of raising children by both biological parents and extended family or community members. This style of parenting is most commonly practiced in central African countries, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo and Central African Republic; specifically among Aka foraging communities.[69] Alloparenting is considered to help alleviate parental burdens by utilizing the community and allowing biological parents more time to work or participate in social events.[70] Some historians, such as Stephanie Coontz, suggest that alloparenting as a parenting style helps children to understand love and trust through a widened perspective due to increased bonds formed between child and adult.[71]
![Love Love](/uploads/1/2/6/3/126331434/578211138.jpg)
Love And Anger The Parental Dilemma Pdf To Excel Pdf
Cross-cultural variation[edit]
Many of these theories of parenting styles are almost entirely based on evidence from high income countries, especially the USA. However, there are many fundamental differences in child development between high and low income countries, due to differences in parenting styles and practices. For instance, in sub-Saharan Africa children are likely to have more than one main care giver, to acquire language in a bilingual environment, and to play in mixed aged peer groups.[72] However, when comparing African American caregiving among lower, middle, and upper socioeconomic families, the number of non-parental caregivers decreases as economic resources increase.[73] In addition, international studies have found Chinese parents to be more concerned with impulse control, which may explain the greater use of authoritarian style as compared to U.S. parents.[74][75] Thus, social values and norms within a culture influence the choice of parenting style that will help the child conform to cultural expectations.[75]
There is evidence to suggest cultural differences in the way children respond to parenting practices.[76][77] In particular, there is ongoing debate surrounding physical discipline and corporal punishment of children.[76][78][79] with some authors suggesting it is less harmful in ethnic groups or countries where it is culturally normative,[80] such as several low income countries, where the prevalence rate remains high.[81] Lansford et al (2004) reported harsh parenting was associated with more externalising behaviours in European American compared with African American adolescents.[82] Resolving these issues is important in assessing the transferability of parenting interventions across cultures and from high to low income countries in order to improve child development and health outcomes.[83]
Some parenting styles correlate with positive outcomes across cultures, while other parenting styles correlate with outcomes that are specific to one culture. For example, authoritative parenting is related to positive self-esteem and academic outcomes for both Chinese and European American adolescents, but the positive effects of the “ethnic minority” parenting style are specific to Chinese adolescents.[74] There is also evidence to suggest that there is not only cultural variation, but variations across settings within a culture.[84] For example, Mexican American and African American parental expectations of obedience and autonomy differ in school and other social settings vs. home.[84] A study comparing Indian parents who stayed in India and Indian parents who immigrated to a different country shows that the influence cultural traditions have on parenting changes according to social/geographical context, concluding that immigrant parents place greater emphasis on traditional Indian culture in order to preserve traditional practices in their new country.[85] Thus, in immigrant families, parenting styles according to culture may be the result of conscious reinforcement as opposed to unconscious tradition.[85]
Differences for male and female children[edit]
Mothers and fathers[where?] tend to pick up different behaviors of parenting based on the sex of their child.[86] Studies have shown that fathers can affect their daughters' emotional adjustment more through the style of parenting they demonstrate rather than through using disciplinary approaches, such as punishment.[87] Also, both a father and mother[where?] sometimes tend to use an authoritative style towards their daughters, while feeling more comfortable switching over to an authoritarian style for sons.[88]
Similarly, mothers[where?] may use a more authoritative style when they parent their daughters. Also, mothers spent more time reasoning with their daughters but mothers tended to favor their sons.[89][90]
Differential parenting[edit]
Differential parenting is when siblings individually receive different parenting styles or behavior from their parents.[33] This most often occurs in families where the children are adolescents, and is highly related as to how each child interprets their parents behavior.[33] Research shows that children who view their parents as authoritative generally tend to be happier and functioning at a higher level in a variety of areas.[33] When analyzing the level of differentiation within a family it is important to look at the difference in the level of responsiveness (including specific characteristics of warmth, sensitivity, and postivity), control, leniency, and negativity that are directed at each individual child.[91] Differential parenting often leads to a non-shared environment, which is when siblings have different experiences growing up in the same household, and different personal outcomes based on their environment.[92]
In most families with more than one child, parents will adjust their parenting styles accordingly based on what their child responds best to, however a high level of differential parenting can have negative effects on children.[91] The effects that differential parenting has on families differs, but in general there are usually negative effects on both children.[91] The severity of effects are more extreme for the child who is viewed as disfavored.[91] The 'disfavored' child generally has a variety of personal development issues such as low self-esteem and depression.[91] The favored child tends to have higher self-esteem and more friends in school.[91] However, studies show that both the favored and disfavored child tend to have problems with interpersonal relationships as well as problems with managing their emotions.[91] A high level of differential parenting also influences how siblings treat one another, and the level of conflict in the sibling relationship.[91] Research shows that this is due in part to children imitating their parent's behaviors.[91]
See also[edit]
- Resources for Infant Education (RIE)
Citations[edit]
Love And Anger The Parental Dilemma Pdf To Excel Converter
- ^ abcSpera, Christopher (1 June 2005). 'A Review of the Relationship Among Parenting Practices, Parenting Styles, and Adolescent School Achievement'. Educational Psychology Review. 17 (2): 125–146. CiteSeerX10.1.1.596.237. doi:10.1007/s10648-005-3950-1.
- ^'Parenting'. Encyclopaedic dictionary of psychology.Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^Berger S., Kathleen (18 February 2011). The Developing Person Through the Life Span (8th ed.). Worth Publishers. pp. 273–278. ISBN978-1-4292-3203-6.
- ^Campione & Smetana, Nicole & Judith. 'Parenting Styles'. James J. Ponzetti Jr. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
- ^Amato, Paul R.; Fowler, Frieda (2002). 'Parenting Practices, Child Adjustment, and Family Diversity'. Journal of Marriage and Family. 64 (3): 703. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00703.x.
- ^Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1762). Émile, ou De l'éducation.
- ^Irvine, P. '' Rousseau, Jean j.' Encyclopedia of special education: A reference for the education of children, adolescents, and adults with disabilities and other exceptional individuals'. Credo Reference.Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^White, F.; Hayes, B. & Livesey, D. (2005). Developmental Psychology: From Infancy to Adulthood. NSW:Pearson Education Australia.
- ^'Piaget, Jean. (2005). In Science in the early twentieth century: An encyclopedia'. Credo Reference.Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^Constantinople, A. A. (1969). An Eriksonian measure of personalitydevelopment in college student. Developmental Psychology, 1357-372.
- ^'Erikson, erik Homburger (2002)'. Credo Reference. Biographical dictionary of psychology.Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^Wright, Benjamin (Winter 1957). 'Psychology in the Classroom by Rudolf Dreikurs'. The School Review. 65 (4): 490–492. doi:10.1086/442418.
- ^GODDARD, H. WALLACE; DENNIS, STEVEN A. (2003). 'Parenting Education'. In James J. Ponzetti Jr (ed.). International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family. Gale, Farmington, USA. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
- ^'DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY'. Credo. Elsevier's dictionary of psychological theories.Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^Jon, Roeckelein. ''Developmental Theory'. In Elsevier's Dictionary of Psychological Theories'. Credo. Elsevier Science & Technology, Oxford, United Kingdom.Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^Furedi, Frank (2001). Paranoid Parenting: Why Ignoring the Experts May Be Best for Your Child. Allen Lane. p. 240. ISBN978-0-7139-9488-9.
- ^Petersen, Steve (January 10, 2000). 'Baby Steps'. Archived from the original on December 31, 2009. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^Gill, Tim (2007). No fear: Growing up in a Risk Averse Society(PDF). Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. p. 81. ISBN978-1-903080-08-5. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2009-03-06.
- ^Gill, Tim (April 2007). 'Playing it too safe'. RSA Journal. 154 (5528): 46–51.
- ^Gerstel, Naomi (Mar 1999). 'The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way they Do by Judith Rich Harris'. Contemporary Sociology. 28 (2): 174–176. doi:10.2307/2654856. JSTOR2654856. PMC1127334. PMID10807640.
- ^Smith, P. 'Group socialization theory. In Reader's guide to the social sciences'.Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^Perkins, Marian (May 13, 2000). 'The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out The Way They Do by Judith Rich Harris'. British Medical Journal. 320 (7245): 1347. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7245.1347.
- ^Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43-88.
- ^Arnett, Jeffrey (2013). Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach. United States of America: Pearson Education. p. 182. ISBN9780205892495.
- ^Slater, A.; Bremner, J.G. (2017). An Introduction to Developmental Psychology. Wiley. p. 592. ISBN978-1-118-76720-7. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
- ^Arnett, Jeffrey (2013). Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach. United States Of America: Pearson. p. 182. ISBN978-0-205-89249-5.
- ^Maccoby, E.E.; Martin, J.A. (1983). 'Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction'. In Mussen, P.H.; Hetherington, E.M. (eds.). Manual of child psychology, Vol. 4: Social development. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 1–101.
- ^ abcdefghSantrock, J.W. (2007). A topical approach to life-span development, third Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- ^Parenting Style and Its CorrelatesArchived 2009-04-23 at the Wayback Machine athealth.com. Retrieved 2009-06-14
- ^Strassen Berger, Kathleen (2011). The Developing Person Through the Life Span. Worth Publishers. p. 273.
- ^'All about the authoritative parenting style'. Pagewise. Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
- ^ ab'Parenting Styles'
- ^ abcdefArnett, Jeffrey (2013). Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach. United States Of America: Pearson. pp. 182–188. ISBN978-0-205-89249-5.
- ^Stassen Berger, Kathleen (2011). The Developing Person Through the Life Span. Worth Publishing. pp. 273–274.
- ^'The Role of Parents in the Development of Peer Group Competence. ERIC Digest'. Eric Digests. 1992. Archived from the original on 2007-11-29. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
- ^ abcdStassen Berger, Kathleen (2011). The Developing Person Through the Lifespan. Worth Publishers. p. 274.
- ^What's Your Parenting Style?Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine Parents. The Anti-Drug. National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign.Retrieved 2009-06-14
- ^ abcRosenthal, Maryann. 'Knowing Yourself and Your Children'. www.drma.com. Archived from the original on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ^Dornbusch, Sanford; Ritter, Philip; Leiderman, P; Robert, Donald; Fraleigh, Michael (1987). 'The Relation of Parenting Style to Adolescent School Performance'. Child Development. 58 (5): 1244–1257. doi:10.2307/1130618. JSTOR1130618.
- ^ abVerzello, Amanda (2018-07-20). 'Teens and alcohol study: Parenting style can prevent binge drinking'. News. Brigham Young University. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^Darling, Nancy (1999). 'Parenting style and its correlates'(PDF). ERIC Digest. ED427896. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
- ^Musitu, G.; García, F. (2004). 'Consequences of the family socialization in the Spanish culture'. Psicothema. 16 (2): 288–293. Archived from the original on 2016-10-03.
- ^Rodrigues, Yara; Veiga, Feliciano; Fuentes, María C.; García, Fernando (2013-03-11). 'Parenting and Adolescents' Self-esteem: The Portuguese Context // Parentalidad y autoestima en la adolescencia: El contexto portugués'. Journal of Psychodidactics. 18 (2): 395–416. doi:10.1387/RevPsicodidact.6842. ISSN2254-4372.
- ^Martínez, Isabel; García, José Fernando; Yubero, Santiago (2007-06-01). 'Parenting Styles and Adolescents' Self-Esteem in Brazil'. Psychological Reports. 100 (3): 731–745. doi:10.2466/pr0.100.3.731-745. hdl:10578/1956. ISSN0033-2941. PMID17688087.
- ^Oliva, A. (2006). 'Relaciones familiares y desarrollo adolescente'. Anuario de Psicología. 37 (3): 209–223. Archived from the original on 2016-10-03.
- ^Osorio, Alfonso; González-Cámara, Marta (2016). 'Testing the alleged superiority of the indulgent parenting style among Spanish adolescents'(PDF). Psicothema. 28 (4): 414–420. doi:10.7334/psicothema2015.314. PMID27776610. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-02.
- ^González-Cámara, Marta; Osorio, Alfonso; Reparaz, Charo (2019). 'Measurement and Function of the Control Dimension in Parenting Styles: A Systematic Review'. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (17). doi:10.3390/ijerph16173157.
- ^ abcdefArnett, Jeffrey Jensen (2013). Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach. United States of America: Pearson Education. pp. 188–190. ISBN9780205892495.
- ^ abBretherton, Inge (1992). 'The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth'(PDF). Developmental Psychology. 28 (5): 759–775. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.759. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2018-12-07 – via Google Scholar.
- ^Stassen Berger, Kathleen (2011). The Developing Person Through the Life Span. p. 194.
- ^Stassen Berger, Kathleen (2011). The Developing Person Through the Life Span. p. 196.
- ^wethechildrenfoundation.com
- ^Walton, Stephen. 'The Positive parenting centre'. www.the-positive-parenting-centre.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
- ^Cheadle, Jacob E. (Jan 2008). 'Educational Investment, Family Context, and Children's Math and Reading Growth from Kindergarten through the Third Grade'. Sociology of Education. 81 (1): 1–31. CiteSeerX10.1.1.451.9878. doi:10.1177/003804070808100101. JSTOR20452721.
- ^Stephen E. Levich, Clone Being (2004) p. 31 and p.89-91
- ^David Stafford & Liz Hodgkinson, Codependency (London 1995) p. 41
- ^Jackson, L. J. (November 2010). 'Smothering Mothering: 'Helicopter parents' are landing big in child care cases'. ABA Journal. 96 (11): 18–19. JSTOR20789779.
- ^Gordon, Larry, and Victoria Kim. 2008. 'Hovering Parents No Big Deal for Freshmen.' Los Angeles Times (January 24) B1.
- ^ abPaul C. McCabe; Steven R. Shaw (23 February 2010). Psychiatric Disorders: Current Topics and Interventions for Educators. Corwin Press. p. 31. ISBN978-1-4129-6876-8. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
- ^Paul R. Robbins (24 October 2008). Understanding Depression (2nd ed.). McFarland. p. 81. ISBN978-0-7864-5263-7. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
- ^Goschin S, Briggs J, Blanco-Lutzen S, Cohen LJ, Galynker I (2013). 'Parental affectionless control and suicidality'. Journal of Affective Disorders (Review). 151 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.096. PMID23820097.
- ^Belkin, Lisa (2009-04-08). 'What is slow parenting?'. www.parenting.blogs.nytimes.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
- ^'12 Types of Parenting Styles and Child Discipline Strategies'. Positive-parenting-ally.com. Archived from the original on 2012-04-27. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
- ^ abBerl, Rachel Pomerance (August 1, 2013). 'Dolphin Parenting: Raising Kids to Be Smart and Happy'. U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^Kang, Shimi (2014). The Dolphin Way: A Parent's Guide to Raising Healthy, Happy, and Motivated Kids—Without Turning into a Tiger. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc.ISBN978-0-399-16604-4.
- ^Kang, Shimi (2014-09-09). 'What's a 'Dolphin Parent'? Psychiatrist Decodes Parenting Styles'. Parenting.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^Kang, Shimi (May 11, 2014). 'A Case for Parenting the Dolphin–Not Tiger–Mom Way'. Time. Archived from the original on October 14, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- ^Huang, Grace H. C.; Gove, Mary (2015). 'Asian Parenting Styles and Academic Achievement: Views from Eastern and Western Perspectives'. Education. 135 (3): 389–397.
- ^Meehan, Courtney (2005). 'The Effects of Residential Locality on Parental and Alloparental Investment among the Aka Foragers of the Central African Republic'. Washington State University. 16 (1): 58–80. CiteSeerX10.1.1.585.4382. doi:10.1007/s12110-005-1007-2. PMID26189516.
- ^Hardy, Sarah (2016-04-27). 'Alloparenting and How it Really Does Take a Village to Raise a Child'. Motherhood in Point of Fact. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
- ^Marsh, Abigail - Edge.org {website} (2017). 'What Scientific Term or Concept Ought to be More Widely Known?'. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
- ^Serpell, Robert (2014). 'Some Growth Points in African Child Development Research'. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development. 146: 97–112.
- ^Roopnarine, Jaipaul L.; Fouts, Hillary N.; Lamb, Michael E.; Lewis-Elligan, Tracey Y. (2005). 'Mothers' and Fathers' Behaviors Toward Their 3- to 4-Month-Old Infants in Lower, Middle, and Upper Socioeconomic African American Families'. Developmental Psychology. 41 (5): 723–732. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.5.723. ISSN1939-0599. PMID16173870.
- ^ abLi, Yan; Costanzo, Philip R.; Putallaz, Martha (2010-10-29). 'Maternal Socialization Goals, Parenting Styles, and Social-Emotional Adjustment Among Chinese and European American Young Adults: Testing a Mediation Model'. The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 171 (4): 330–362. doi:10.1080/00221325.2010.505969. ISSN0022-1325. PMID21171548.
- ^ abPorter, Christian; Hart, Craig; Yang, Chongming; Robinson, Clyde; Frost Olsen, Susanne; Zeng, Qing; Olsen, Joseph; Jin, Shenghua (2005-01-01). 'A comparative study of child temperament and parenting in Beijing, China and the western United States'. International Journal of Behavioral Development. 29 (6): 541–551. doi:10.1080/01650250500147402. ISSN0165-0254.
- ^ abGershoff, ET (2002). 'Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviours and experiences: a meta-analytic and theoretical review'. Psychological Bulletin. 128 (4): 539–579. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539.
- ^Yasui, M (2007). 'The ethnic context of child and adolescent problem behaviour: implications for child and family interventions'. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 10 (2): 137–179. doi:10.1007/s10567-007-0021-9. PMID17588150.
- ^Norman, RE (2012). 'The Long-Term Health Consequences of Child Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse, and Neglect: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis'. PLoS Med. 9 (11): e1001349. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349. PMC3507962. PMID23209385.
- ^Vittrup, B (2010). 'Children's assessment of corporal punishment and other disciplinary practices: The role of age, race, SES and exposure to spanking'. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 31 (3): 211–220. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2009.11.003.
- ^Lansford, JE (2010). 'The special problem of cultural differences in effects of corporal punishment'. Law and Contemporary Problems. 73: 89–106.
- ^UNICEF (2010). againstchildren.org/document/ 830 UNICEF. (2011) 'Child disciplinary practices at home: Evidence from a range of Low-and Middle-Income Countries' Check
|url=
value (help). UNICEF. - ^Lansford, JE (2004). 'Ethnic differences in the link between physical discipline and later adolescent externalising behaviours'. J Psychol Psychiatry. 45: 805–812.
- ^Gardner, Frances (2016). 'Transporting evidence based parenting programmes for child problem behaviour (age 3-10) between countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis'. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 45 (6): 749–762. doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1015134. PMID25785902.
- ^ abTamis-LeMonda, Catherine S.; Way, Niobe; Hughes, Diane; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu; Kalman, Ronit Kahana; Niwa, Erika Y. (2007-11-22). 'Parents' Goals for Children: The Dynamic Coexistence of Individualism and Collectivism in Cultures and Individuals'. Social Development. 0: 071124114012002––. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00419.x. ISSN0961-205X.
- ^ abSapru, Saloni (September 2006). 'Parenting and Adolescent Identity'. Journal of Adolescent Research. 21 (5): 484–513. doi:10.1177/0743558406291766. ISSN0743-5584.
- ^Putnam, Jodi; A, Judith; Walls, Myers; Love, Dee. 'Influence on children's gender development'. www.extension.purdue.edu. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
- ^Stephen, Ashley. 'GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PARENTING STYLES AND EFFECTS ON THE PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP'(PDF). www.digital.library.txstate.edu. Archived(PDF) from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
- ^'Article: Parenting and Late Adolescent Emotional Adjustment: Mediating Effects of Discipline and Gender'. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^Fabes, Richard; Carlo, Gustavo; Kupanoff, Kristina; Laible, Deborah. 'Early Adolescence and Prosocial/Moral Behavior I: The Role of Individual Processes'. www.digitalcommons.unl.edu. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
- ^Conrade & Ho, Glenys & Robert (2 February 2011). 'Differential parenting styles for fathers and mothers'. Australian Journal of Psychology. 53 (1): 29–35. doi:10.1080/00049530108255119.
- ^ abcdefghiPauker, Sharon; et al. (August 2017). 'Differential parenting and children's social understanding'. Social Development. 26 (3): 645–657. doi:10.1111/sode.12214.
- ^Rauer & Volling, Amy & Brenda (December 2007). 'Differential parenting and sibling jealousy: Developmental correlates of young adults' romantic relationships'. Personal Relationships: 495–496 – via EBSCOhost.
References[edit]
- dangx111 (5 Nov 2011). 'The Four Types of Parenting Styles'. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013.[better source needed]
- Barnhart, C.; Raval, V.; Jansari, A.; Raval, P. (2013). 'Perception of Parenting Style Among College Students in India and the United States'. Journal of Child Family Stud. 22 (5): 684–693. doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9621-1.
- Bornstein, M.; Putnick, D. (2012). 'Cognitive and Socioemotional Caregiving in Developing Countries'. Child Development. 83 (1): 46–61. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01673.x. PMC3270892. PMID22277006.
- Pomeranz, E.; Wang, Q. (2009). 'The Role of Parental Control in Children's Development in Western and East Asia Countries'. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 18 (5): 285–289. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01653.x.
Further reading[edit]
Love And Anger The Parental Dilemma Pdf To Excel Free
- Bower, Bruce (September 2011). 'Humans: Recession alters parenting style: Mothers with gene variant became more aggressive'. Science News. 180 (7): 9. doi:10.1002/scin.5591800706. ISSN0036-8423.
- Robert Feldman, PhD at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Child Development Third Edition
- Morris, A. S., Cui, L., & Steinberg, L. (2013). Parenting research and themes: What we have learned and where to go next. In R. E. Larzelere, A. S. Morris, & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 35–58). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Harris. Judith R.. 'The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do,' New York Times 1998.
- Warash, Bobbie. 'Are Middle Class Parents Authoritative with a Touch of Permissiveness?.' Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin 74. 22007 28-31.
- Chua, Amy. Why Chinese Mothers Are SuperiorThe Wall Street Journal
- Alizadeh, S.; Abu Talib, M. B.; Abdullah, R.; Mansor, M. (2011). 'Relationship between Parenting Style and Children's Behavior Problems'. Asian Social Science. 7 (12): 195–200. doi:10.5539/ass.v7n12p195.
- Estep, H. M.; Olson, J. N. (2011). 'Parenting Style, Academic Dishonesty, and Infidelity in College Students'. College Student Journal. 45 (4): 830–838.
- Grobman, K.H. (2003). Diana Baumrind's (1966) Prototypical Descriptions of 3 Parenting Styles. Retrieved from http://www.devpsy.org/teaching/parent/baumrind_styles.html
- Kordi, A.; Baharudin, R. (2010). 'Parenting Attitude and Style and Its Effect on Children's School Achievements'. International Journal of Psychological Studies. 2 (2): 217–222. doi:10.5539/ijps.v2n2p217.
- Rinaldi, C. M.; Howe, N. (2012). 'Mothers' and fathers' parenting styles and associations with toddlers' externalizing, internalizing, and adaptive behaviors'(PDF). Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 27 (2): 266–273. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.08.001.
- Rivers, J.; Mullis, A. K.; Fortner, L. A.; Mullis, R. L. (2012). 'Relationships Between Parenting Styles and the Academic Performance of Adolescents'. Journal of Family Social Work. 15 (3): 202–216. doi:10.1080/10522158.2012.666644.
- Schary, D. P.; Cardinal, B. J.; Loprinzi, P. D. (2012). 'Parenting style associated with sedentary behaviour in preschool children'. Early Child Development & Care. 182 (8): 1015–1026. doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.678596.
- Williams, K.; Ciarrochi, J.; Heaven, P. (2012). 'Inflexible Parents, Inflexible Kids: A 6-Year Longitudinal Study of Parenting Style and the Development of Psychological Flexibility in Adolescents'. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 41 (8): 1053–1066. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9744-0. PMID22311519.
- Spera, C (2005). 'A review of the relationship among parenting practices, parenting styles, and adolescent school achievement'. Educational Psychology Review. 17 (2): 125–146. CiteSeerX10.1.1.596.237. doi:10.1007/s10648-005-3950-1.
- 'Attachment Parenting: Q&A with Lysa Parker, co-chairman of Attachment Parenting International.' Bundoo.com. Retrieved from http://www.bundoo.com/interviews/attachment-parenting/
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenting_styles&oldid=913046812'